to be known publicly

παρρησία, ας, ἡ (πᾶς, ῥῆσις; Eur., Pla.+; Stob., Flor. III 13 p. 453 H. [a collection of sayings περὶ παρρησίας]; ins, pap, LXX; TestReub 4:2; JosAs 23:10 cod. A [Bat. p. 75, 2] and Pal. 364; EpArist, Philo, Joseph.; Ath. 11, 2; loanw. in rabb.—On the spelling s. B-D-F §11, 1; Mlt-H. 101; s. also Schwyzer I 469).

① a use of speech that conceals nothing and passes over nothing, outspokenness, frankness, plainness (Demosth. 6, 31 τἀληθῆ μετὰ παρρησίας ἐρῶ πρὸς ὑμᾶς καὶ οὐκ ἀποκρύψομαι; Diod S 4, 74, 2; 12, 63, 2; Pr 1:20; a slave does not have such a privilege: Eur., Phoen. 390–92) παρρησίᾳ plainly, openly (EpArist 125) Mk 8:32; J 7:13; 10:24; 11:14; 16:25 (opp. ἐν παροιμίαις.—On the subject matter cp. Artem. 4, 71 οἱ θεοὶ πάντως μὲν ἀληθῆ λέγουσιν, ἀλλὰ ποτὲ μὲν ἁπλῶς λέγουσι, ποτὲ δὲ αἰνίσσονται=the gods always speak the truth, but sometimes directly, sometimes indirectly), 29 v.l. (opp. παροιμία); Dg 11:2. Also ἐν παρρησίᾳ J 16:29. μετὰ παρρησίας (s. Demosth. above; Ael. Aristid. 30 p. 571 D.; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, §15 λέγω μετὰ π.; 3 Macc 4:1; 7:12; JosAs 23:10 [s. above]; Philo; Jos., Ant 6, 256) plainly, confidently Ac 2:29; μετὰ παρρησίας ἄκουε MPol 10:1. This is also the place for πολλῇ παρρησίᾳ χρώμεθα (opp. Moses’ veiling of his face) 2 Cor 3:12 (παρρησίᾳ χράομαι as Appian, Maced. 11 §3; Cass. Dio 62, 13; Philo, De Jos. 107; Jos., Ant. 2, 116).—RPope, ET 21, 1910, 236–38; HWindisch, exc. on 2 Cor 3:12.

② ‘Openness’ somet. develops into openness to the public, before whom speaking and actions take place (Philo, Spec. Leg. 1, 321 τοῖς τὰ κοινωφελῆ δρῶσιν ἔστω παρρησία) παρρησίᾳ in public, publicly J 7:26; 11:54; 18:20. δειγματίζειν ἐν παρρησίᾳ make a public example of Col 2:15. ἐν παρρησίᾳ εἶναι to be known publicly J 7:4 (opp. ἐν κρυπτῷ). This is prob. also the place for παρρησίᾳ Ac 14:19 v.l. and μετὰ πάσης παρρησίας ἀκωλύτως quite openly and unhindered 28:31. Also ἐν πάσῃ παρρησίᾳ Phil 1:20. This is prob. the place also for 2 Cor 7:4 (but sense 3 is preferred by some): I am speaking to you with great frankness (REB; i.e. without weighing every word).

③ a state of boldness and confidence, courage, confidence, boldness, fearlessness, esp. in the presence of persons of high rank.

ⓐ in association with humans (Socrat., Ep. 1, 12; Cass. Dio 62, 13; EpArist 125 παρρησίᾳ; Philo, De Jos. 107; 222, Rer. Div. Her. 5f; Jos., Ant. 9, 226; 15, 37; TestReub 4:2f. Cp. also OGI 323, 10; POxy 1100, 15; PGM 12, 187; OEger, Rechtsgeschichtliches zum NT: Rektoratsprogr. Basel 1919, 41f) Ac 4:13. Some would put πολλή μοι παρρησία πρὸς ὑμᾶς (sc. ἐστίν and cp. Diod S 14, 65, 4 πρὸς τύραννον π.) 2 Cor 7:4 here, but the context appears to favor 2 above. πολλὴν παρρησίαν ἔχων ἐπιτάσσειν σοι Phlm 8 (π. ἔχω as Dio Chrys. 26 [43], 7). ἐν παρρησίᾳ fearlessly Eph 6:19 (DSmolders, L’audace de l’apôtre: Collectanea Mechlinensia 43, ’58, 16–30; 117–33; RWild, CBQ 46, ’84, 284–98; the verb w. ἅλυσις vs. 20, cp. Paul’s situation Ac 28:30f). μετὰ παρρησίας (Aristoxenus, Fgm. 32; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 42 §178; Jos., Ant. 6, 256; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 1, 11; 5, 18; μετὰ π. καὶ οὐ κρύβδην Orig., C. Cels. 3, 57, 20) Ac 2:29 (cp. Chion 16, 7 H. ἀνέξῃ γὰρ μετὰ παρρησίας μοῦ λέγοντος); 4:31; 1 Cl 34:1. μετὰ παρρησίας πάσης (Jos., Ant. 16, 379) Ac 4:29; 6:10 D; 16:4 D.

ⓑ in relation to God (Job 27:10; Philo, Rer. Div. Her. 5–7; Jos., Ant. 5, 38) w. προσαγωγή Eph 3:12. Here joyousness, confidence is the result or the accompaniment of faith, as 1 Ti 3:13; Hb 10:35. W. καύχημα 3:6; 1 Cl 34:5. παρρησίαν ἔχειν πρὸς τὸν θεόν (Jos., Ant. 2, 52) 1J 3:21; cp. 5:14. μετὰ παρρησίας with joyful heart Hb 4:16; 2 Cl 15:3. ἀλήθεια ἐν παρρησίᾳ 1 Cl 35:2. ἔχοντες παρρησίαν εἰς τὴν εἴσοδον τῶν ἁγίων since we have confidence to enter the sanctuary Hb 10:19.—W. expressly forensic and eschatological coloring (as Wsd 5:1) παρρησίαν ἔχειν 1J 2:28 (opp. αἰσχύνεσθαι); 4:17.—EPeterson, Z. Bedeutungsgesch. v. π.: RSeeberg Festschr. I 1929, 283–97; WvUnnik, The Christian’s Freedom of Speech: BJRL ’62, 466–88; HCombrink, Parresia in Handelinge: GereformTT ’75, 56–63; WBeilner, ΠΑΡΡΗΣΙΑ ’79 (lit.); SMarrow, CBQ 44, ’82, 431–46; PMiguel, Parrhēsia: Dictionnaire de spiritualité 12, ’83, 260–67; also articles by DFredrickson, SWinter, AMitchell, WKlassen, in Friendship, Flattery, and Frankness of Speech ’96, 163–254; RAC VII 839–77.—DELG s.v. 2 εἴρω. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

ἀπαγγέλλω impf. ἀπήγγελλον; fut. ἀπαγγελῶ; 1 aor. ἀπήγγειλα; pf. ἀπήγγελκα Jdg 14:16 cod. B, ptc. ἀπηγγελκότες Sir 44:3. Pass. 1 aor. 3 sg. ἀπηγγέλθη (Just., A II, 2, 6); 2 aor. ἀπηγγέλην B-D-F §76, 1; Mlt-H. 226 (s. ἀγγέλλω; Hom.+).

① to give an account of someth., report (back), announce, tell (Jos., Vi. 62 al.; Just., A II, 2, 6 [nominative and inf.]; Tat. 24, 1) w. dat. of the pers. Mt 2:8; 14:12; 28:8; Mk 16:10, 13; Ac 22:26; 23:16. W. dat. of pers. and acc. of thing (Gen 37:5; 42:29; 44:24 al.) Mt 28:11; Mk 6:30 al.; 1 Cl 65:1; Hs 5, 2, 11. Only w. acc. of thing: πάντα Mt 8:33. περί τινος 1 Th 1:9. τὶ περί τινος Ac 28:21. τινὶ περί τινος (X., An. 1, 7, 2; Gen 26:32; Esth 6:2; 1 Macc 14:21) Lk 7:18; 13:1 (ἐν τούτῳ παρῆσαν οἱ τὴν συμφορὰν ἀπαγγέλοντες Plut., Mor. 509c); J 16:25. τὶ πρός τινα (Hyperid. 3, 14; Epict. 3, 4, 1; 2 Km 15:13) Ac 16:36, 38 D. ἀ. εἰς τὴν πόλιν bring a report into the city (X., Hell. 2, 2, 14) Mk 5:14; Lk 8:34 (cp. Jos., Ant. 5, 357 ἀπαγγελθείσης τῆς ἥττης εἰς τὴν Σιλω; Am 4:13; 1 Macc 6:5). Used w. λέγων J 4:51 v.l.; Ac 5:22. W. dat. of pers. foll. by acc. and inf. IPhld 10:1. Foll. by a relative clause Mt 11:4; Lk 7:22; Ac 4:23; 23:19. W. πῶς foll. Lk 8:36; Ac 11:13. W. ὅτι foll. Lk 18:37; J 5:15 v.l.; 20:18 v.l.; GJs 24:3 (Bodmer for ἀν-). W. acc. and inf. Ac 12:14. W. ὡς foll. (1 Esdr 5:37) Lk 8:47 (B-D-F §396; Rob. 726).

② to make someth. known publicly, proclaim (of someth. in the present or fut.) κρίσιν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν Mt 12:18; (w. μαρτυρεῖν) τὴν ζωήν 1J 1:2; cp. vs. 3; τὸ ὄνομά σου τοῖς ἀδελφοῖς Hb 2:12; ἀ. ἐνώπιόν τινος (Ps 141:3) in the sense tell openly or frankly (Gen 12:18; 1 Km 9:19) ἀπήγγειλεν ἐνώπιον παντὸς τοῦ λαοῦ she confessed before all the people Lk 8:47; cp. 1 Cor 14:25. W. dat. and inf. foll. τ. ἔθνεσιν ἀ. μετανοεῖν καὶ ἐπιστρέφειν they declared to the gentiles that they should repent … Ac 26:20; cp. 17:30 v.l. Foll. by ἵνα to introduce a command that is to be transmitted to another Mt 28:10 (cp. Polyaenus 7, 15, 2 Xerxes’ command: ἄπιτε κ. τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἀπαγγείλατε, ὅσα ἑωράκατε).—Anz 283f. M-M. TW.

ἐπαγγελία, ας, ἡ (s. ἀγγέλλω; Demosth. et al.; Aristot., EN 10, 1 p. 1164a, 29; ins, pap, LXX, pseudepigr., Philo, Joseph.) in many authors ἐ. refers to the act of making someth. known publicly, but in our lit. it most often bears the sense of

① declaration to do someth. with implication of obligation to carry out what is stated, promise, pledge, offer (Polyb. 1, 43, 6; 7, 13, 2; 18, 11, 1 al.; Diod S 1, 5, 3; 4, 16, 2; Epict. 1, 4, 3 ἡ ἀρετὴ ταύτην ἔχει τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν εὐδαιμονίαν ποιῆσαι; Michel 473, 10; IPriene 123, 9; 1 Macc 10:15; Philo, Mut. Nom. 201; Jos., Ant. 5, 307).

ⓐ of humans ὅπως ἀποδῶμεν τὴν ἐ. ἣν ἐπειγγειλάμεθα so that we might keep our promise GJs 7:1. Of one who lays claim to being a Christian IEph 14:2.

ⓑ in our lit. more generally of divine promises (Herm. Wr. in Stob. I 387, 15 W.; Fgm. XXIII 8 v.l.; cp. Herm. Wr. 18, 14; Jos., Ant. 2, 219; Prayer of Manasseh [=Odes 12] 6; PsSol 12:6; perh. Ps 55:9).

α. God’s promise sg. Ac 2:39; Ro 4:13f, 16; 9:9 (where λόγος is to be supplied w. the gen. ἐπαγγελίας: this word is a word of promise); Gal 3:17; 2 Pt 3:9; 1 Cl 26:1; 2 Cl 15:4; B 5:7; 16:9. Pl. Ro 9:4; 2 Cor 7:1; Gal 3:16; Hb 7:6; 8:6; 11:17; 1 Cl 27:1; H 3, 4; ApcPt Rainer (figura etymol.; cp. 1a and 1bβ). Prep. phrases: διʼ ἐπαγγελίας by or because of a promise Gal 3:18b; 4:23; also ἐξ ἐπαγγελίας 3:18a. ἐν ἐπαγγελίᾳ with promise Eph 6:2. κατʼ ἐπαγγελίαν in accordance w. the promise (PSI 281, 58 κατὰ τ. ἐπανγελίας αὐτου; sim. IK IX–X/2: Nikaia II/1, 702, 6; 1 Esdr 1:7; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 68, 43) Ac 13:23; Gal 3:29; cp. 2 Ti 1:1 (on these three s. New Docs 4, 147).—For var. reasons the gen. is used w. ἐ.: to denote the one fr. whom the promise comes (τ.) θεοῦ Ro 4:20; 2 Cor 1:20; Gal 3:21; 2 Cl 11:1; 1 Ti 1:1 v.l.; to denote the thing promised (Jos., Ant. 3, 77 τ. ἀγαθῶν) ἐ. τ. αἰωνίου κληρονομίας Hb 9:15. τ. ζωῆς 1 Ti 4:8; τ. παρουσίας 2 Pt 3:4; to denote the one(s) for whom the promise is intended τ. πατέρων Ro 15:8 (TestJob 20:1; on βεβαιῶσαι τὰς ἐ. cp. InsPriene 123, 9 ἐβεβαίωσεν τ. ἐπαγγελίαν).—On the other hand, τῆς ἐπαγγελίας is oft. added, as a kind of gen. of quality, to indicate the relation of the noun in question to the promise: γῆ τ. ἐ. the promised land Hb 11:9 (TestAbr A 8 p. 85, 16 [Stone p. 18] al).; τέκνα τ. ἐ. children of the promise, i.e. those born because of the promise Ro 9:8; Gal 4:28; πνεῦμα τ. ἐ. Eph 1:13; διαθῆκαι τ. ἐ. 2:12. As an obj. gen. in πίστις τῆς ἐ. faith in the promise B 6:17.—ἐ. w. inf. foll. εἰσελθεῖν to enter Hb 4:1.—ἐ. γενομένη πρὸς τ. πατέρας a promise made to the fathers Ac 13:32; also εἰς τ. πατ. 26:6 (Diod S 2, 60, 4 γεγενημένη ἐ.=a promise given).—Of Christ’s promise (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 2, 43) 2 Cl 5:5.

β. w. specification of what was promised (Vi. Aesopi G 79 P.; PsSol 12:6) 1J 2:25 (figura etymol. as Hs 1, 7). Hv 3, 2, 1 (ἐπαγγελίαι w. δῶρα). δεκτὸς τῆς ἐ. recipient of the promised benefit ApcPt Rainer 20. W. epexeg. gen. foll. ἡ ἐ. τοῦ πνεύματος what was promised, namely the Spirit Ac 2:33; Gal 3:14. Foll. by gen. of the one who promises ἐ. τοῦ πατρός Lk 24:49; Ac 1:4; κομίσασθαι τὴν ἐ. Hb 10:36; 11:13 v.l., 39. λαβεῖν Hb 11:13; 2 Cl 11:7; ἀπολαβεῖν B 15:7; Hv 2, 2, 6; ἡ μέλλουσα ἐ. 2 Cl 10:3f.

γ. It is not always poss. to draw a hard and fast line betw. α and β (cp. Hippol., Ref. 5, 7, 19: ἐ. τοῦ λουτροῦ): Ac 7:17; Gal 3:22; Eph 3:6; Hb 6:12, 15, 17; 11:9b, 33; 1 Cl 10:2; 34:7.—FBaumgärtel, Verheissung: Zur Frage des evang. Verständnisses des AT ’52.

② The pregnant use of ἐ. Ac 23:21 is in effect an extension of mng. 1 and involves two major components: entertainment of a request and approval of it assurance of agreement προσδέχεσθαι τὴν ἀπό τινος ἐ. wait for assurance fr. someone or consent (namely, to do what has been proposed).—DELG s.v. ἄγγελος. M-M. EDNT. TW.

φανερόω fut. φανερώσω; 1 aor. ἐφανέρωσα; pf. πεφανέρωκα. Pass.: 1 fut. φανερωθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐφανερώθην; perf. πεφανέρωμαι (cp. φανέρωσις; Hdt. 6, 122 [a late interpolation]; Dionys, Hal. 10, 37; Cass. Dio 59, 18; 77, 15; PGoodsp 15, 19 [IV A.D.]; Jer 40:6; TestSol; TestAbr B; JosAs 12:2; AscIs 3; 13; Philo; Jos., Ant. 20, 76; Just., Tat., Mel.)

① to cause to become visible, reveal, expose publicly (w. relatively more focus on the sensory aspect than on the cognitive as in 2 below. But distinctions are not always clear)

ⓐ of persons

α. act. of the Risen Lord J 21:1a; cp. 1b.

β. pass. w. intr. sense show or reveal oneself, be revealed, appear τινί to someone Hs 2:1. ἡμᾶς φανερωθῆναι δεῖ ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ βήματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ 2 Cor 5:10.—Esp. of Christ (Just., A I, 56, 1; Mel., P. 43, 302. Of the Logos φανερωθεὶς τοῖς ἀνθρώποις Iren. 3, 11, 8 [Harv. II 47, 8]) of his appearance in the world ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί 1 Ti 3:16 (ALau, Manifest in Flesh, The Epiphany Christology of the Pastoral Epistles ’96); cp. B 5:6; 6:7, 9, 14; 12:10. θεοῦ ἀνθρωπίνως φανερουμένου IEph 19:3.—Hb 9:26; 1 Pt 1:20; 1J 1:2ab. The purpose of the appearing is given by a ἵνα clause 1J 3:5, 8; B 14:5; 2 Cl 14:2.—Of the appearing of the Risen Lord τοῖς μαθηταῖς J 21:14; cp. Mk 16:12 (ἐν ἑτέρᾳ μορφῇ), 14. Without a dat. B 15:9. Of the Second Advent Col 3:4a; 1 Pt 5:4; 1J 2:28; 3:2b.—ὑμεῖς σὺν αὐτῷ (i.e. Christ upon his return) φανερωθήσεσθε ἐν δόξῃ Col 3:4b. Of the Christian community ἡ ἐκκλησία πνευματικὴ οὖσα ἐφανερώθη ἐν τῇ σαρκὶ Χριστοῦ 2 Cl 14:3.

ⓑ of things, pass. w. intr. sense (Jos, Ant. 17, 194; Hippol., Ref. 9, 5, 1; Theoph. Ant. 2, 4 [p. 102, 22]) become visible or known, be revealed Mk 4:22; 2 Cor 4:10f; Eph 5:13f; Rv 3:18. Foll. by an indirect quest. 1J 3:2a.

② to cause to become known, disclose, show, make known

ⓐ of things

α. act. (PBrem 53, 26 [114 A.D.]; Hippol., Ref. 6, 47, 4) ἐφανέρωσεν τὴν δόξαν αὐτοῦ J 2:11 (TestAbr B 14 p. 118, 18 [Stone p. 84] τὴν σαπρότητα; JosAs 12:2 τὰ ἀφανῆ; Jos., Vi. 231 φ. τὴν ὀργήν). ὁ θεὸς αὐτοῖς ἐφανέρωσεν God has shown them what can be known about God Ro 1:19 (s. AKlöpper, ZWT 47, 1904, 169–80). Cp. 1 Cor 4:5; Tit 1:3; 2 Cl 20:5; Dg 8:11 (w. ἀποκαλύπτειν); 9:1, 2b; 11:5; IRo 8:2. φανεροῦν τινι ἀποκάλυψιν disclose a revelation to someone Hv 3, 1, 2. κατὰ ἀποκάλυψιν φανεροῦν τινι make known or show to someone in a revelation MPol 22:3. ἐπὶ σοὶ … φανερώσει κύριος τὸ λύτρον in connection with you the Lord will disclose salvation GJs 7:2. τῷ θεῷ τὴν ὀσμὴν τῆς γνώσεως αὐτοῦ φανεροῦντι διʼ ἡμῶν to God who makes known through us the fragrance of the knowledge relating to him (prob. Christ, but s. REB and NRSV of God) 2 Cor 2:14. πάντα ὁ πατὴρ φανεροῖ περὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ Ἰησοῦ B 12:8. (ὁ κύριος) πεφανέρωκεν ἡμῖν διὰ τῶν προφητῶν ὅτι κτλ. 2:4.— Make known by word of mouth, teach ἐφανέρωσά σου τὸ ὄνομα τοῖς ἀνθρώποις J 17:6 (though here the teaching is accompanied by a revelation that comes through a deed.—HHuber, D;. Begriff der Offenbarung im Joh. ev. ’34). ἐν παντὶ φανερώσαντες ἐν πᾶσιν εἰς ὑμᾶς in every way we have made this (i.e. τὴν γνῶσιν) plain to you, in the sight of all men 2 Cor 11:6. Cp. Col 4:4.— Disclose τοὺς γάμους GJs 15:2, 4.

β. pass. w. intr. sense (Jos, Ant. 17, 194; Hippol., Ref. 9, 5, 1; Theoph. Ant. 2, 4 [p. 102, 22]) become public knowledge, be disclosed, become known J 3:21; 9:3; Ro 16:26; 2 Cor 7:12; Col 1:26; 2 Ti 1:10; Hb 9:8; 1J 4:9; Rv 15:4; B 7:7; IEph 19:2. Foll. by an indirect quest. 1J 3:2a. Foll. by ὅτι Dg 9:2a. χωρὶς νόμου δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ πεφανέρωται apart from law, the righteousness which is sent from God has been revealed Ro 3:21.

ⓑ of persons

α. act. ἑαυτόν show or reveal oneself: of God (Philo, Leg. All. 3, 47) διὰ Ἰησοῦ IMg 8:2.—Of Christ φανέρωσον σεαυτὸν τῷ κόσμῳ J 7:4. Difft. ἐφανέρωσεν ἑαυτὸν εἶναι υἱὸν θεοῦ he revealed that he was the Son of God B 5:9.— Expose ἐὰν αὐτὴν φανερώσω τοῖς υἱοῖς Ἰσραήλ if I expose (Mary) to the Israelites GJs 14:1.

β. pass. w. intr. sense be made known ἵνα φανερωθῇ τῷ Ἰσραήλ J 1:31. θεῷ πεφανερώμεθα we are well known to God 2 Cor 5:11a, cp. 11b; 11:6 v.l. (for φανερώσαντες). W. ὅτι foll. become known, be shown (that) 3:3; 1J 2:19 (logically impersonal, as ἠκούσθη in Mk 2:1).—MBockmuehl, Das Verb φανερόω im NT: BZ 32, ’88, 87–99.—DELG s.v. φαίνω. M-M. EDNT. TW.

δημόσιος, ία, ιον (Hdt., Aristoph.+; ins, pap; EpArist 81; Jos., Bell. 5, 518 al.; TestJud 23:2; Just., Tat., Ath.)

① pert. to belonging to the state, public, ἐν τηρήσει δ. in the public prison (loanw. in rabb. דֵּימוֹסִין, public jail) Ac 5:18 (but s. 2). ὁδός a public road (oft. pap) Hv 4, 1, 2.

② pert. to being able to be known by the general public, in the open, public, δημοσίᾳ as adv. publicly (Epict. 3, 4, 1; 3, 22, 2; Vett. Val. 71, 22; SIG 1173, 9; 13; 18; often in pap, e.g. BGU 1086 II, 3; 2 Macc 6:10; 3 Macc 2:27; 4:7; Jos., Bell. 2, 455; Just., A II, 3, 2; 12, 5; Tat. 18, 3; 25, 1; 26, 3) Ac 16:37 (cp. SIG² 680, 3 μαστιγοῦσθαι δημοσίᾳ); 18:28 (as opposed to κατʼ οἰκόν ‘house by house’, s. cod. E); 20:20 (w. κατʼ οἰκούς). This adv. use is preferred Beg. IV 57 et al. for Ac 5:18: ‘publicly put them in custody’, but it is to be noted that the other passages in Ac explictly refer to someth. taking place within public view, whereas Ac 5:19 clearly indicates that the guarding cited vs. 18 is done in special quarters.—DELG. M-M.

κηρύσσω impf. ἐκήρυσσον; fut. κηρύξω; 1 aor. ἐκήρυξα, inf. κηρύξαι (also κηρῦξαι, so Tdf.); on the accent s. B-D-F §13; PKatz-Walters, The Text of the Septuagint, Cambridge ’73, 97); pf. inf. κεκηρυχέναι (Just., D. 49, 2). Pass.: 1 fut. κηρυχθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐκηρύχθην; pf. κεκήρυγμαι (Just.) (s. two prec. entries; Hom.+; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 11:1; TestLevi 2:10; GrBar 16:4 [-ττ-]; Philo, Joseph.; loanw. in rabb.; apolog. exc. Ar.).

① to make an official announcement, announce, make known, by an official herald or one who functions as such (Maximus Tyr. 1, 6c κηρύττομαι=I am being announced by the herald) MPol 12:1 of the pro-consul, who announced three times that Pol. had confessed to being a Christian.—Rv 5:2.

② to make public declarations, proclaim aloud

ⓐ gener. speak of, mention publicly w. acc. κ. πολλὰ τὸν λόγον spread the story widely Mk 1:45. The hospitality of the Cor. church 1 Cl 1:2. W. indir. discourse foll. Mk 5:20; Lk 8:39. Abs. Mk 7:36.—S. below 2bβ.

ⓑ of proclamation that is divine in origin or relates to divinity (Epict. 3, 13, 12 of the peace of wise men, which does not originate w. the emperor, but is ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ κεκηρυγμένη διὰ τ. λόγου. Of the [objectionable] myths of the Greeks ταῦτα … οἱ … συγγραφεῖς καὶ ποιηταὶ κ. Theoph. Ant. 1, 9 [p. 78, 13]).

α. of the proclamation or oracles of the older prophets (Jo 2:1; 4:9; Jon 1:2; 3:2; Jos., Ant. 10, 117; Just., A I, 54, 2) Ἰωνᾶς Νινευί̈ταις καταστροφὴν ἐκήρυξεν 1 Cl 7:7 (Jonah as Jos., Ant. 9, 214; Just., D. 107, 2f; Orig., C. Cels. 7, 57, 3); cp. vs. 6; 9:4 (Noah as SibOr 1, 128); 17:1 (Elijah and Elisha, also Ezekiel); B 6:13 (ὁ προφήτης). προφήτας [ἐξ]έπεμψεν κ. … χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν AcPl Ha 8, 17/Ox 1602, 19–21/BMM recto 21f. Ἰωνᾶς … [ἵνα] εἰς Νεινεύη μὴ κηρύξῃ AcPl Cor 2:29. οἵτινες τὴν ἀπλανῆ θεοσέβειαν ἐκήρυσσον who proclaimed the inerrant way of revering God 2:10.

β. of contemporary proclaimers (POxy 1381, 35; 144 [II A.D.]: of the great deeds of the gods; Herm. Wr. 1, 27; 4, 4.—Philo, Agr. 112 κήρυξον κήρυγμα τοιοῦτον. S. κῆρυξ 2.—Also of false prophets: Jos., Bell. 6, 285), of Mosaic tradition and its publication, the preaching of John the Baptist, and propagation of the Christian message in the widest sense: Μωϋσῆν preach (= advance the cause of) Moses i.e. the keeping of the law Ac 15:21. περιτομήν proclaim circumcision i.e. the necessity of it Gal 5:11 (here and 2a the mng. praise publicly is also prob.: X., Cyr. 8, 4, 4; Polyb. 30, 29, 6). κ. μὴ κλέπτειν inveigh against stealing (=preach: No stealing!) Ro 2:21.—κ. τι proclaim, someth. (ἕνα θεὸν παντοκράτορα καὶ ἕνα μονογενῆ Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν κ. Iren. 1, 9, 2 [Harv. I 82, 5]; τὸν ἄγνωστον πατέρα 1, 26, 1 [Harv. I 211, 11]; Hippol., Ref. 1, Prol. 7; Did., Gen. 183, 6; 209, 13) Mt 10:27; pass. Lk 12:3. ἐνιαυτὸν κυρίου δεκτόν 4:19 (cp. Is 61:1f). τὸν λόγον 2 Ti 4:2. τὸ ῥῆμα τῆς πίστεως the message of faith Ro 10:8. τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ Lk 8:1; 9:2; cp. Ac 20:25; 28:31. τὸ εὐαγγέλιον Mk 16:15; Ac 1:2 D; Gal 2:2; B 5:9; GMary Ox 3525, 28; 32. τὸ εὐ. τ. βασιλείας Mt 4:23; 9:35 (cp. τὸν περὶ τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ λόγον Orig., C. Cels. 3, 40, 20); τὸ ὄνομα τοῦ υἱοῦ τοῦ θεοῦ Hs 9, 16, 5. W. dat. of pers. (Hippol., Ref. 5, 26, 30) 1 Cor 9:27 (on the topic of dreaded failure s. APapathomas, NTS 43, ’97, 240); 1 Pt 3:19 (CCranfield, ET 69, ’57/58, 369–72; see lit. s.v. πνεῦμα 4c); GPt 10:41. εἰς τὰς συναγωγάς in the synagogues Mk 1:39; Lk 4:44. τινί τι someth. to someone (of Jesus κ. μετάνοιαν ὅλῳ τῷ κόσμῳ Orig., C. Cels. 7, 57, 4; τὸ κηρῦξαι αὐτοῖς τὸ εὐαγγέλιον Did., Gen. 53, 13) 4:18; B 14:9 (both Is 61:1). τὶ εἴς τινα someth. to someone τὸ εὐαγγέλιον εἰς ὑμᾶς 1 Th 2:9. εἰς ὅλον τὸν κόσμον Hs 9, 25, 2. Pass. εἰς τὰ ἔθνη Mk 13:10 (DBosch, Die Heidenmission in der Zukunftsschau Jesu ’59, 159–71); κ. τὸ εὐ. Mt 24:14; 26:13; Mk 14:9; Col 1:23.—βάπτισμα proclaim baptism i.e. the necessity of it Mk 1:4; Lk 3:3; Ac 10:37. ἐκηρύχθη ἡ σφραγὶς αὕτη H 9, 16, 4. κηρυχθῆναι … μετάνοιαν εἰς ἄφεσιν ἁμαρτιῶν repentance for the forgiveness of sins Lk 24:47. ἵνα μετανοῶσιν Mk 6:12. [ἀνδρῶν τῶν] κηρυσσόντων, ἵνα μετανοῆται (read:-ῆτε) AcPl Ha 1, 17.—τινά (τινι) someone (to someone) Χριστόν Ac 8:5; cp. 1 Cor 1:23; Phil 1:15. Ἰησοῦν Ac 19:13; 2 Cor 11:4. οὐχ ἑαυτοὺς κηρύσσομεν ἀλλὰ Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν κύριον we do not publicize ourselves, but Christ Jesus as Lord 4:5. Pass. ὸ̔ς (Χριστός) … ἐκηρύχθη 1 Ti 3:16; cp. Hs 8, 3, 2; 9, 17, 1; Dg 11:3. διά τινος through someone (cp. Epict. 3, 13, 12) Χρ. Ἰ. ὁ ἐν ὑμῖν διʼ ἡμῶν κηρυχθείς 2 Cor 1:19. W. an addition that indicates the content of the proclamation, introduced by ὅτι (cp. Epict. 4, 5, 24): κ. w. acc. and ὅτι foll. Mk 1:14 v.l.; Ac 9:20; pass. Χρ. κηρύσσεται ὅτι ἐκ νεκρῶν ἐγήγερται Christ is proclaimed as having risen fr. the dead 1 Cor 15:12. κ. τινί, ὅτι Ac 10:42; οὕτως κ. 1 Cor 15:11. The content of the proclamation is introduced by λέγων Mt 3:1f; 10:7; Mk 1:7; cp. vs. 14; IPhld 7:2. Beside λέγειν w. direct discourse (Epict. 4, 6, 23) Mt 4:17. Abs. Mt 11:1; Mk 1:38; 3:14; 16:20; Ro 10:15; 1 Cl 42:4; B 5:8 (Jesus’ proclamation defined as teaching and the performance of wonders and signs); 8:3. κηρύσσων a proclaimer Ro 10:14.—S. lit. under κήρυγμα; also MGrumm, translating kērussō and Related Verbs: BT 21, ’70, 176–79.—B. 1478. DELG s.v. κῆρυξ. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

διαγνωρ-ίζω,

A make known,

τί τινι Ev.Luc.2.15

(v.l.); speak publicly, περί τινος ib.17.

ἀμφ-ᾰδόν, Adv., poet. for ἀναφαδόν

A = ἀναφανδόν ([etym.] ἀμφανδόν), publicly, openly, without disguise, opp.

λάθρη, βαλέειν Il.7.243

; opp. κρυφηδόν, Od.14.330; opp.

δόλῳ, κτείνειν 1.296

;

ἀ. πάντ' ἀγορεύειν Il.9.370

; ὡς ἀ πέπραγα πανταχῇ καλῶς Ion Trag. ap. Phot.p.98 R.—Prop. neut. of Adj. [full] ἀμφαδός, ή, όν, which occurs in Od.19.391 μὴ ἀμφαδὰ ἔργα γένοιτο discovered, known, cf. A.R.3.615.

θριαμβεύω 1 aor. ἐθριάμβευσα (Ctesias; Polyb.; Diod S 16, 90, 2; Dionys. Hal.; Epict. 3, 24, 85 al.; not a Lat. loanw.—s. B-D-F §5, 1 and L-S-J-M s.v. θρίαμβος II). The verb θ. appears only in 2 Cor 2:14 and Col 2:15. The principal interpretations follow:

① lead in a triumphal procession, in imagery (cp. Seneca, On Benefits 2, 11, 1) of the Roman military triumph (Lat. triumphare; Plut., Rom. 33, 4; Arat. 1052 [54, 8]; Appian, Mithrid. 77 §338; 103 §482; Jos., Bell. 7, 123–57; cp. Theophyl. Sim., Ep. 68), w. acc. τινά someone as a captive.

ⓐ of Paul τῷ θεῷ χάρις τῷ πάντοτε θριαμβεύοντι ἡμᾶς ἐν τ. Χριστῷ thanks be to God, who continually leads us as captives in Christ’s triumphal procession (REB) 2 Cor 2:14. The rhetorical pattern of the Ep. appears to favor this interpr.

ⓑ of God’s victory over hostile forces θριαμβεύσας αὐτοὺς ἐν αὐτῷ in connection with him (Christ) God exhibits them (the hostile transcendent powers) in triumph Col 2:15.

② to lead in triumph, in imagery of Roman generals leading their troops in triumph (s. Jos., Bell.7, 5, 4–6), so numerous scholars and versions 2 Cor 2:14 τῷ θεῷ χάρις κτλ. thanks be to God, who always leads us as partners in triumph in Christ. Since there is no lexical support for this interpr. (L-S-J-M cites the pass. but without external support), others see a shift of mng. from ‘lead in triumph’ to the sense

③ cause to triumph. This interpr. (KJV, Beza, Calvin, Klöpper, Schmiedel, Belser, GGodet, Sickenberger ad loc.; sim. Weizsäcker.) remains unexampled in Gk. usage (appeal to Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 13 [Pers. 13] p. 461, 8 Jac. in this sense is very questionable, s. 6 below).

④ triumph over is preferred by many for Col 2:15 (Mel., P. 102, 781 of Christ ἐγὼ ὁ καταλύσας τὸν θάνατον καὶ θριαμβεύσας τὸν ἐχθρόν.—Pass.: διʼ … σταυροῦ … ἐθριαμβεύθη σατανᾶς Serap. of Thmuis, Euch. 25, 2).

⑤ expose to shame (Marshall; s. also Lietzmann, HNT ad loc. and app.; cp. Ctesias [s. 3 above; the textual sequence is in question] θριαμβεύσας τὸν μάγον ‘after he had publicly unmasked the magician’), in which case the triumphal aspect is submerged in a metaphor expressing the low esteem in which God permits the apostle’s office to be held. Col 2:15 can also be understood in this way. (The idea that the term θρ. itself expresses the paradox of a disgraced apostle and a victorious mission [Williamson s. 6 below] is semantically untenable.) ἀναστενάζων, ὅτι ἐθριαμβεύετο ὑπὸ τῆς πόλεως, groaning that he had become the city’s object of ridicule AcPl Ha 4, 12f.

⑥ display, publicize, make known (Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 16 [Pers. 58 of the head and right hand of a slain enemy] p. 472, 30 Jac.; s. Ltzm., Hdb. ad loc.; ἐκθριαμβίζω BGU 1061 [14 B.C.]), a semantic shift affirmed by Egan for both NT pass (παύσασθε λόγους ἀλλοτρίους θριαμβεύοντες ‘cease [openly] expressing these strange opinions’ Tat. 26, 1).—Windisch leaves the choice open between 3 and 6.—LWilliamson, Jr., Int 22, ’68, 317–32; REgan, NovT 19, ’77, 34–62; Field, Notes 181f; RPope, ET 21, 1910, 19–21; 112–14; AKinsey, ibid. 282f; FPrat, RSR 3, 1912, 201–29; HVersnel, Triumphus ’70; PMarshall, NovT 25, ’83, 302–17; CBreytenbach, Neot. 24, ’90, 250–71; JScott, NTS 42, ’96, 260–81; cp. TSchmidt, NTS 41, ’95, 1–18, on Mk 15:16–32.—Against triumphal imagery, JMcDonald, JSNT 17, ’83, 35–50.—DELG s.v. θρίαμβος. M-M. EDNT. TW.